Uyini umehluko phakathi kwencwadi yokulayisha yomnikazi womkhumbi kanye nephepha lokuthutha lasolwandle?
I-bill of lading yomnikazi womkhumbi isho i-ocean bill of lading (I-Master B/L, ebizwa nangokuthi i-master bill, bill yasolwandle, ebizwa ngokuthi i-M bill) ekhishwe inkampani yemikhumbi. Ingakhishelwa umnikazi wempahla eqondile (umthumeli wempahla akayikhiphi ibhilidi yomthwalo ngalesi sikhathi), noma ingakhishelwa umthumeli wempahla. (Ngalesi sikhathi, umthumeli wempahla uthumela i-bill of lading kumnikazi wempahla oqondile).
Umthethosivivinywa wokuthutha impahla (i-House B/L, ebizwa nangokuthi i-sub-bill of lading, ebizwa ngokuthi i-H bill), uma sikhuluma nje, kufanele kube inkampani ethwala impahla engeyona yomkhumbi (umthumeli wezimpahla osezingeni lokuqala, i-China isiqale isitifiketi seziqu ezifanele ngo-2002, futhi umthumeli wempahla kufanele ayilethe ebhange eligunyazwe yidiphozithi yoMnyango Wezokuthutha) ngomthumeli wempahla ogunyazwe uMnyango Wezokuthutha futhi uthole iziqu ze-NVOCC (Non-vessel operating common carrier). Ngokuvamile inikezwa umnikazi oqondile wempahla; kwesinye isikhathi ontanga basebenzisa i-bill of lading, bese i-bill of lading ikhishelwa Intanga izokhipha incwadi yayo yokulayisha impahla kumnikazi wayo oqondile wempahla. Namuhla, ngokuvamile kunama-oda ezindlu amaningi okuthunyelwa ngaphandle, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zase-Europe nase-United States.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-bill of lading yomnikazi womkhumbi kanye ne-ocean bill of lading yilezi:
①Okuqukethwe kwamakholomu oMthumeli kanye noThunywa kubhili yezimpahla kuhlukile: umthumeli wesikweletu somthumeli wempahla ungumthumeli wangempela (umnikazi wempahla oqondile), futhi othunyiweyo ngokuvamile ugcwalisa ikholamu efanayo yenothi lomthwalo ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko zencwadi yesikweletu, ngokuvamile Uku-oda; futhi Uma i-oda elingu-M likhishelwa umthumeli-mpahla wangempela, Umthumeli ugcwalisa umthumeli, futhi Othunyiwe agcwalise inothi lomthwalo ngokuvumelana nokuqukethwe; lapho i-oda elingu-M likhishwa kumthumeli wezimpahla, uMthumeli ugcwalisa umthumeli wezimpahla, futhi Othunyiweyo agcwalise umenzeli womthumeli wezimpahla ethekwini lapho uya khona. abantu.
②Izinqubo zokushintshanisa ama-oda endaweni okuyiwa kuyo zihlukile: inqobo nje uma ubambe i-oda lika-M, ungaya ngqo kubasebenzeli bemikhumbi esikhumulweni semikhumbi ukuze ushintshisane ngebhili yokungenisa impahla. Inqubo ilula futhi iyashesha, futhi izindleko zilinganiselwe futhi zishibhile; kuyilapho umnikazi we-oda H kufanele aye kumthumeli wezimpahla ethekwini okuyiwa kuyo ukuze alishintshe. Kuphela nge-oda lika-M lapho ungathola khona incwadi yokulayisha bese udlulela ezinkambisweni nezinqubo zokulanda. Izindleko zokushintsha ama-oda zibiza kakhulu futhi azilungisiwe, futhi zinqunywa ngokuphelele umthumeli wezimpahla esikhumulweni semikhumbi lapho uya khona.
③Umthethosivivinywa we-M, njengombhalo wasolwandle, uyisitifiketi esiyisisekelo nesiyiqiniso selungelo lendawo. Inkampani yemikhumbi izoletha izimpahla kulowo othunyelelwayo okhonjiswe kumthethosivivinywa we-M ethekwini okuyiwa kulo. Uma umthumeli wempahla ethola i-oda H, kusho ukuthi ukulawulwa kwangempela kwezimpahla ezithunyelwe kusezandleni zomthumeli wempahla (ngalesi sikhathi, othunyelelwayo we-oda le-M umenzeli wechweba eliya khona lomthumeli wempahla). Uma inkampani ethumela impahla iphelelwa yimali, umthengisi (umthengisi) ngeke akwazi ukucosha izimpahla enkampanini yokuthumela ngemikhumbi nge-H-bill.
④Ezimpahleni ezigcwele zebhokisi, womabili ama-oda we-M no-H angakhishwa, kuyilapho ezimpahleni ze-LCL, ama-oda angu-H kuphela angakhishwa. Ngenxa yokuthi inkampani yemikhumbi ngeke isize umnikazi wempahla ukuthi ahlanganise amakhonteyina, futhi ngeke isize umnikazi wezimpahla ehlukaniselane impahla echwebeni lapho kuyiwa khona.
⑤Inombolo ye-B/L yedokhumenti evamile yokudlulisela impahla ayifaki isistimu yokuphathwa kwe-manifest yempahla, futhi ihlukile kunombolo yomthwalo wempahla esimemezelweni sokungenisa; inombolo ye-B/L yomnikazi wempahla inegama kanye nendlela yokuxhumana yenkampani eshintshayo, kodwa inkampani yokuxhumana akuzona izinkampani zokuthumela ngemikhumbi echwebeni njengama-ejenti angaphandle noma i-Sinotrans.
Inqubo ye-BL ne-HBL:
①I-Shipper ithumela inothi lomthwalo kuMdluliseli, ekhombisa ukuthi yibhokisi eligcwele noma i-LCL;
②Isikhala samabhuku okudlulisela phambili nenkampani yokuthumela. Ngemuva kokuthi umkhumbi usungenile, inkampani yokuthumela ikhiphe i-MBL kumdluliseli. UShipper we-MBL unguMdluliseli esikhumulweni sezindiza okusuka kuzo, futhi i-Cnee ngokuvamile iyigatsha loMdluliseli noma i-ejenti echwebeni okuyiwa kulo;
③Umthumeli usayina i-HBL kuya kuShipper, i-HAL's Shipper ingumnikazi wangempela wezimpahla, futhi u-Cnee ngokuvamile wenza incwadi yekhredithi kokuthi Uku-oda;
④Inkampani yenethiwekhi ihambisa izimpahla ethekwini lapho umkhumbi usuhamba;
⑤I-Forwarder ithumela i-MBL egatsheni lembobo okuyiwa kuyo nge-DHL/UPS/TNT, njll. (Kufaka: Amadokhumenti Okukhishwa Ngokwezifiso)
⑥Ngemva kokuthi u-Shipper ethole incwadi yokuthenga, uzoletha isikweletu ebhange lezingxoxo lasekhaya futhi axazulule ukushintshanisa phakathi nesikhathi sokwethulwa kwebhili. Uma i-T/T Shipper ithumela imibhalo ngokuqondile kumakhasimende angaphandle;
⑦ Ibhange elixoxisanayo lizokhokhela imali yangaphandle nebhange elikhiphile ngesethi ephelele yamadokhumenti;
⑧Othunyiwe ukhokha i-oda lokuhlengwa ebhange elikhiphile;
⑨Umdluliseli esikhumulweni semikhumbi uyisa i-MBL enkampanini yemikhumbi ukuze ishintshisane nge-oda lokuthatha izimpahla kanye nokusula amasiko;
⑩Umthengi uthatha i-HBL ukuyolanda izimpahla ku-Forwarder.
Umehluko okha phezulu phakathi kwesikweletu somthumeli wempahla kanye nebhili yomthwalo yomnikazi womkhumbi: Kusuka enhlokweni, ungakwazi ukubona ukuthi incwadi yenkampani yenethiwekhi noma yoMdluliseli. Ungatshela inkampani enkulu yemikhumbi ngokushesha. Njengo-EISU, PONL, ZIM, YML, njll.
Umehluko phakathi kwebhili yomthwalo yomnikazi womkhumbi kanye nebhili yokuthutha yokuthutha impahla usekelwe kakhulu kulezi zici ezilandelayo:
①Uma kungekho ukuhlinzekwa okukhethekile encwadini yekhredithi, ibhili yokulayisha ye-Freight Forwarder's B/L (HB/L) ayamukeleki.
②Umehluko phakathi kwesikweletu somthumeli wempahla kanye nebhili yomthwalo yomnikazi womkhumbi ikakhulukazi kunhlokweni nesiginesha
Umkhiphi nesiginesha yebhili yomthwalo yomnikazi womkhumbi, i-ISBP ne-UCP600 ikubeka ngokusobala ukuthi isayinwe futhi ikhishwe inkampani yenethiwekhi, ukaputeni noma i-ejenti yabo eqanjwe igama, futhi unhlokweni wayo yigama lenkampani yemikhumbi. Ezinye izinkampani ezinkulu zemikhumbi zingayazi ngokubuka nje, njenge-EISU, i-PONL, i-ZIM, i-YML, njll. Ibhili yokuthutha yomthumeli wempahla idinga kuphela ukukhishwa egameni lomthumeli wempahla, futhi ayidingi ukukhombisa igama lenkampani yenethiwekhi, futhi ayidingi ukukhombisa ukuthi inkampani yenethiwekhi noma i-ejenti kakaputeni.
Okokugcina, kukhona futhi umthethosivivinywa womthwalo ojwayelekile womthumeli wempahla, okuwumthethosivivinywa wokuthutha ojwayelekile womthumeli wempahla. Inqobo nje uma bene-ejenti echwebeni lapho kuyiwa khona noma beboleka i-ejenti, bangasayina lolu hlobo lomthwalo wemfanelo. Empeleni, ayikho imithetho eqinile yalolu hlobo lomthwalo wemfanelo. Njengoba Kukhona izitembu Zenkampani Yenethiwekhi noma Njenge-ejenti. Abanye abathumeli bempahla abamisiwe. Ukubuyisela emuva noma ukuboleka kusengaphambilini kungenzeka. Kungenzeka ukuthi idatha yenziwe amanga. Abantu abakhohliseka kalula nabo banazo izikweletu zokuthutha. Abukho ubufakazi obuzobhekwa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-24-2023
